R290 vs R32 Heat Pumps: Which Refrigerant Should You Choose?

As the demand for energy-efficient and environmentally friendly heating and cooling solutions continues to grow across Europe, heat pumps have become a popular choice for both homeowners and businesses. But beyond the unit itself, one key factor influences how well a heat pump performs: the refrigerant it uses.

Two of the most commonly used refrigerants in modern heat pumps are R290 (propane) and R32 (difluoromethane). While both are capable of delivering efficient heating and cooling, they differ in terms of performance, safety, cost, environmental impact, and suitability for different climates.

In this blog post, we’ll explore the key differences between R290 and R32 refrigerants, helping you understand which heat pump is best for your specific needs.

What Is a Refrigerant, and Why Does It Matter?

A refrigerant is a working fluid used in heat pumps and air conditioning systems. Its role is to absorb heat from one place and release it in another as it circulates through the system. The properties of the refrigerant directly influence:

Heating and cooling efficiency

Energy consumption

Safety of the system

Environmental footprint

Installation and maintenance requirements

Choosing the right refrigerant is essential to ensure optimal performance of your heat pump over the long term.

Introduction to R290 and R32

What Is R290?

R290 is a natural hydrocarbon refrigerant—specifically, propane. It’s non-toxic, non-corrosive, and boasts excellent thermodynamic performance. What makes R290 especially attractive is its ultra-low Global Warming Potential (GWP) of just 3, making it one of the most climate-friendly refrigerants available today.

R290 is already used in a wide range of heating and cooling applications, including air conditioners, freezers, and increasingly, air-source and ground-source heat pumps.

However, R290 is highly flammable, which means systems using this refrigerant must be designed and installed with proper safety precautions in mind.

What Is R32?

R32, or difluoromethane, is a synthetic refrigerant belonging to the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) family. It has a GWP of 675—much lower than older refrigerants like R410A (GWP 2088), but still significantly higher than R290.

R32 is known for its strong cooling performance, relatively low flammability, and widespread availability in the European market. It's been adopted in many modern air conditioners and heat pump systems due to its high efficiency and regulatory compliance.

Key Differences: R290 vs R32 Heat Pumps

Let’s break down the main differences between R290 and R32 refrigerants across several important categories.

1. Environmental Impact

R290: With a GWP of just 3, R290 is one of the most eco-friendly refrigerants available. It has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and is a great choice for users who want to reduce their carbon footprint.

R32: While not as low as R290, R32 still offers a lower GWP compared to older HFCs and is classified as mildly flammable (A2L) with zero ODP.

Verdict: If environmental impact is your top concern, R290 is the clear winner.

2. Energy Efficiency

Efficiency is crucial for saving on long-term operational costs. While R32 offers strong cooling performance, studies show that R290 outperforms R32 at low temperatures—a key consideration in colder regions.

At 35°C:

R290 SCOP: 5.66

R32 SCOP: 4.72

At 55°C:

R290 SCOP: 4.48

R32 SCOP: 3.39

Verdict: R290 provides up to 34% higher seasonal efficiency, especially in heating mode.

3. Safety

R290: Classified as highly flammable (A3). Proper ventilation, leak detection, and flame-proof components are essential during installation.

R32: Mildly flammable (A2L), generally considered safer and easier to work with in residential settings.

Verdict: R32 is safer and easier to install, especially in densely populated or indoor areas.

4. Performance in Cold Climates

One of R290’s standout qualities is its strong heating performance in low ambient temperatures. For example, LinkedGo’s Athena Series R290 Heat Pump can operate efficiently in conditions as low as -25°C.

Verdict: R290 is the better choice for northern and colder climates.

5. Cost and Availability

R32 systems are more common, cheaper, and easier to source in Europe.

R290 systems may carry a higher upfront cost due to added safety features but offer lower lifecycle emissions.

Verdict: R32 wins on availability and initial cost.

6. Noise Levels

Because of its lower operating pressure, R32 heat pumps generally run quieter than R290 units—an important consideration for homes in quiet neighborhoods.

When Should You Choose R290?

An R290 heat pump is ideal if:

You live in a cold climate and need strong heating even at sub-zero temperatures.

You are looking for a natural refrigerant with minimal global warming impact.

You want to future-proof your investment in line with stricter environmental regulations.

You’re okay with higher initial costs and stricter safety requirements.

When Should You Choose R32?

An R32 heat pump is suitable if:

You live in a mild or warm climate and need reliable cooling and heating.

You're looking for a budget-friendly option with lower upfront costs.

You want a proven and widely available refrigerant that’s easy to service.

You prioritize ease of installation and lower fire risk.

Final Thoughts: R290 or R32?

The choice between R290 and R32 ultimately depends on your location, budget, environmental priorities, and system requirements.

If you’re still unsure, it’s best to consult a certified technician or supplier who can evaluate your space and provide personalized recommendations. Brands like LinkedGo offer both R290 and R32 heat pumps tailored for different residential and commercial applications.